Essay - 1038 Words

As I put pen upon paper, I must forewarn any sorry soul who gazes upon this document. What might seem, is not what it seems. For thoughts can be deceiving, hurtful, painful. I am not proud of these unfortunate events that have befallen upon me. I regret the incident with such fierce emotions that I find I can not, will not, justify my actions. But, without further ado, let me set my soul free. It was winter, a cold one at that, a cold and fierce winter with chills in every direction. With snow falling from the sky in large abundances, I had just entered my chamber door, when I had the oddest feeling. I felt as if I was alone. My wife was supposed to be at our home, but It seemed as if she had gone astray. I had the strangest feeling†¦show more content†¦I was conducting a search for the body. It was only then that I noticed I had woken up with blood on my hands. I washed it off, but found no scratches. As I pull back the boards of the wall behind the wine rack, I noticed a drop of blood on the cellar floor. It was dried, and looked as if it could be scraped off. I pulled away the last board, fear growing in my bosom. And by heaven, by hell, My maiden fell from the wall. She had been chopped to pieces, the catch cloth that was stained scarlet from her blood, was wrapped around her head. I did not hesitate to put her back into the wall. If police had come to investigate, I did not want to be a suspect. I went on as if the day was perfectly pristine and fine. When I lay down in bed again I prayed that I would not have another nightmarish, grotesque, dream. When my head landed softly upon the pillow, I immediately had another dream. My butler, whom I dearly adore was sitting in his chambers. The same man-cloaked in black, cloaked in sorrow-silently drew the horrid dagger used to kill my beloved. It was stained scarlet from thy maidens blood. I watched in horror as the man-cloaked in black, cloaked in sorrow-took a rag and wrapped it around the butlers neck. I could have sworn that I heard a strangled cry from his chamber, but I couldn’t say for sure. When the light in the butlers eye’s died away, The man-cloaked in black, cloaked in sorrow-took a towel and placed the body over it. He took the dagger and removed the head,Show MoreRelatedWhat Is an Essay?1440 Words   |  6 PagesBuscemi Essay #3 Rough Draft An essay is a creative written piece in which the author uses different styles such as diction, tone, pathos, ethos or logos to communicate a message to the reader using either a personal experience, filled with morals and parables, or a informative text filled with educational terms. Educational terms could mean the usage of complicated and elevated words or simply information you would get in schools. Some authors, such as Cynthia Ozick, claim that an essay has noRead Morenarrative essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essay A Brief Guide to Writing Narrative Essays Narrative writing tells a story. In essays the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the author s values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. When you re writing a narrative essay, loosen up. After all, you re basically just telling a story to someone, something you probably do every day in casual conversationRead MoreApplication Essay : A Process Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesassign an essay. The entire class lets out a groan that could be heard from miles away, however this doesn’t phase your professor. The essay is assigned: a process essay. Now what? What is a process essay? How do you go about writing one? How do you get the A you so desperately need? This paper will discuss everything one needs to know in order to write the perfect process essay such as the definition of a process essay, how to construct it, and how to use proper transitions to make the essay flow. Read MoreEssay763 Words   |  4 PagesCan’t be Built on Soccer Fever† and â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† In Jonathan Zimmerman’s essay â€Å"African National Identities Can’t Be Built on Soccer Fever† he describes how soccer brings the people of Africa together. He talks about the unity of Africans and how much soccer is a part of their lives. He also describes the underlying reason of why soccer is so heavily pushed. The perspective in the essay â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† Tim Bowling discusses his passion for hockey and his hate forRead MoreThe Colonel Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesIn the essay, The Colonel, Michael Hogan illustrates the importance of the influential sport of tennis. Hogan writes about how tennis changed his life from an early age. When he was younger he saw tennis as a rich mans sport in which he had no interest. One of his much-respected neighbors, the colonel, approached Hogan’s father with the idea that his son might like to learn how to play tennis. After pondering the thought with his father, Hogan decided to take t he offer. The Colonel became his mentorRead MorePersuasive Essays : Persuasive Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesbegan this class, I loved to write persuasive essays. I loved to write about my own opinions and I was quite good at convincing people to agree with my stand points. To convince others to agree on my point of view was an extraordinary feeling. I am very good at getting my point across and giving my reasons on why I feel the way I do about a certain situation. I loved writing persuasive essays because I love to read them as well. I love how persuasive essays have a call-to-action; giving the readers aRead MoreEnglish Composition One: To Be an Essay or Not to Be an Essay That Is the Question910 Words   |  4 Pages In the past, the mention to have to write a paper for an assignment caused me to break out in a sweat or my mouth instantly dries, well it does not have that kind of effect on me anymore. The key to successfully completing the essay on time is getting to researc h the topic at hand as soon as possible or before the process of writing begins. The next step for me would be to find the argument and take a side. Moreover, picking a thesis statement through brainstorming the information I gathered forRead More Flight Essay834 Words   |  4 Pages Essay on quot;Flightquot; amp;#9;It is always hard to get separated from someone you love and with whom you have shared every moment of his life until he decides to walk on a different path than yours. You dont know how to react and confusion dominates your mind. Should you be angry at him for leaving you, or should you support and respect his decision ? In her essay quot;Flight,quot; Doris Lessing illustrates the story of an old man who is learning to let go his granddaughter as she growsRead MoreEssay and Academic Life1117 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage learner? Discuss two or three problems with specific examples and details. Ex. 9 Analyzing students’ essays. Use the assignment and the Student Essays to answer the following questions. Assignment: Computers have become an important part of educational process. Write convincing illustration to this statement. Use specific and convincing examples and details. Student Essay 1 Computer as a multipurpose universal instrument of education. In our days computers have become an importantRead More Community Essay843 Words   |  4 Pagesan important effect on the shaping of a person’s character is key in both Pythia Peay’s essay, â€Å"Soul Searching† and Winona LaDuke’s interview transcribed in essay form entitled, â€Å"Reclaiming Culture and the Land: Motherhood and the Politics of Sustaining Community†. The two authors present ideas, similar and different, of what it means to live in and be a part of community. Through examining these two essays, summarizing and synthesizing, we can gain a better understanding of what community is and

Online Essay - 906 Words

Purpose : The purpose of this report is to determine how the home, online advising, programs, and calendar pages of the Wharton County Junior College website hold up in terms of accuracy, clarity, comprehensiveness, and professional appearance. Recommendations for how the pages may be improved are discussed as well. Accuracy : In terms of accuracy on the homepage everything seems to be just fine. Every link takes you to where you need to go without it giving you an error screen or direct you to another page. The homepage even shows a viewer down at the bottom when it was updated as well. The online advising page is accurate within each section that the page has to offer, from online advising hours to helpful links for students. The†¦show more content†¦The page does well in explaining and giving you information on the pathways, but the major pathways links should have their own page and feel very out of place and confusing. Finally, the academic calendar, all of the important events at the school throughout the semester are properly stated and dated. This ensures that you will have all of the necessary need-to-know information regarding WCJC. While there could certainly be room for improvement on some of the pages, in the long run the web pages succeed in their purpose as part of a scho ol website. Comprehensiveness : The Wharton County Junior College website had some positive and negative aspects on the ability to understand the multiple pages information. The homepage was quite positive since the information was concise and was easily understandable. If a person was to need information on a certain topic, there was various links that could solve their question. Another page on Wharton County Junior college is the academic calendar for fall 2017. The format for the calendar was well devised so that people can see upcoming events to come,then the date. The programs page is also positive in the aspect that the page gave the information an easy to understand fashion and had links for further description. However, anegative page, we found was the online advising page in which, there was too much information. The page’s formatting can cause confusion whenShow MoreRelatedEssay Online Dating1497 Words   |  6 Pageschanged in the few last years and meeting people online became not uncommon or just for young people only. But everyone now can use it to find their dates and meet new people. Love via the Internet is a hot issue which faces many Internet users, and they may have experienced a love story via the Internet. I have heard many stories from my friends and relatives which they experienced. Even, I have experienced it. I was interested in writing my third essay about love via the Internet and the opinionsRead MoreOnline Identity Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pagesredefining human identity as people explore the boundaries of their personalities, adopt multiple selves, and form online relationships that can be more intense than real ones? Is the World Wide Web redefining our sense of community and where we find our peers? The answer is simple. An individual should not use a false identity to produce a life on the Internet. They should also avoid using an online life to influence their identity in real life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gender swapping is one way whichRead MoreSynthesis Essay : Online Shopping777 Words   |  4 PagesSynthesis Essay 2 Online shopping faced a many different challenges. A common example of these challenges that describing these websites by they are lack of the security. Sao Paulo in 2003 mentioned that â€Å"The financial crisis and attempted here with the prices did not affect the performance of online shopping† a huge event like the financial crisis did not disturb online shopping, but likewise, Harris’ survey finds that â€Å"The lack of security of a site can be a determining factor for the achievementRead More Online Community Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesOnline Community After searching through various online communities, I finally found one that looked very interesting and informative to me, fitness.com. I chose an online community in which I would not only gain helpful information and advice, but I could also communicate with people who are interested in the same topic as I am. I knew right away that it was a community rather than just a typical webpage that someone had made. A community has places where people can post messages onRead More Online Banking Essay1983 Words   |  8 PagesOnline Banking: How Technology has Affected the Bank Industry Aluscine Kabia Diana Mickle Jennifer Ross Betty Tekeste University of Phoenix COM525: Managerial Communication and Ethics Edward L. Dempsey March 14, 2005 Modern technology has set the stage for today’s industries to adopt faster, more effective and efficient tools to improve their business and productivity. A vast majority of organizations within various industries are using new technology to introduceRead MoreOnline Banking Essays2750 Words   |  11 PagesOnline Banking Introduction The World Wide Web has changed our culture in so many ways. People are able to do so many activities over the World Wide Web, it is unbelievable. You can pursue a degree through online universities, communicate with users around the world, purchase goods and services online, and yes, you can bank and pay your bills online. This new technology has enabled us to make payments, maintain a checking/debit card account, balance transfers, all via the web. You canRead More Online Communication Essay1804 Words   |  8 PagesOnline Communication Communication via instant messaging and e-mail is far more effective than using the telephone or post office due to their speed of delivery and ability to simultaneously talk to many people. Instant messenger services have become very popular over the years, and there are currently 180 million registered users for AOL Instant Messenger alone. In some respects, e-mail is even more widespread-- people next door to each other and people across the world keep in touch and evenRead MoreOnline Dating Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesOnline Dating Some people today feel they cannot meet someone in their everyday lives so they turn to the internet to find a prospective partner, people us the internet as a way of meeting new people Online dating has become the new way of finding your soul mate The internet has made dating more convenient you no longer to have to go out to a bar and spend money trying to impress or you really don’t have, for people who are shy this is the perfect way to screen a potential in the privacy. I thoughtRead MoreOnline Dating Essay722 Words   |  3 PagesA few years ago, I was given my first computer and was introduced to the World Wide Web, and America Online (AOL) chat rooms. It never occurred to me that I would meet someone online that I would consider being in a relationship with, nor talk to more than a few times. I thought wrong. In todays society where almost anything and everything is done online, online dating is not an uncommon or taboo thing to do anymore. There are numerous websites with billions of subscribers, who pay up to fortyRead More The Benefits of Shopping Online Essay1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe Benefits of Shopping Online As my fingers flutter the mouse across my computer screen, my mind is wondering in one-hundred different directions. I had just found out earlier at my sorority’s chapter meeting that we were having a semi-formal in approximately a month. Who could I invite? There’s that intelligent actor I met, no, he has a fiancà ©. What about the guitar player in my statistics class, no, I don’t really know him. What about that cute blue-eyed boy? He’d make a wonderful

Report covering Concepts & Principles for Oporto Restaurant

Question: Describe about concepts and principles on Oporto Restaurant? Answer: Essay and Critical Reflection Introduction The current essay will be concentrating on the issue that I have witnessed at my working place which has its serious impact on my professional as well as personal life. The issue that I noticed at my workplace was related with the prejudice which hit on my confidence level and morality. The organization that I was associated with is Oporto Restaurant and I worked as a Food Servers where my job was to provide beverage and food to the arriving guests in the restaurants, cleaning the table and meeting the request of all the guests. The problem aroused when I found that one food server were not ethically performing their job and quality was not acknowledged by him and in spite of that he was paid higher salary than me. I asked about it to my Shift Manager but he did not responded and revert me to focus on my job. Besides that shit manager role was to submit my report to the manager and have a track about the operation of the restaurant. However, shift manger replied me that the person is working in the company for past 8 months and I was just four months old. This left me feel like injustice has been done to me which led to depression and due to that I was not able to concentrate on my work which hampered my professional life and some way also affected by personal life. Feelings and Emotions Key Experiences Personal Response Faith and Trust The prejudice in the workplace was the major issue and due to that I felt I am being discriminated on the basis of work. As the senior food server was not said a single word as he had a good rapport with the manager and with several guests. Therefore, it broke my faith and trust over the company and their ethical code of conduct. Helpless On the other hand, I was feeling helpless as I was not able to do anything towards the issue I faced. Moreover, I had a fear that if I report it to the senior manager of the restaurant then I could be assaulted or harassed by the senior food servers or other workers. Thus, it made difficult for me to work in such environment. Anxiety ridden Furthermore, I also felt as to communicate with that employee and as an outcome I was slowly lacking interest in performing my due responsibilities. On the contrary, I also noticed that particular incident affected me so hard that it hampered my productivity and I was not able to contribute as per my expectation. The discrimination between employees on the basis of seniority and junior by the senior has changed my opinion towards the act of the senior management against such employee. Therefore, it emotionally hurt me and I felt like cheated even if I was providing superior and quality service to the guests. Self Esteem Apart from that, I did not understand why the salary of that food server was higher even if the person did not possess any previous experience. This let me feet that the manager of the restaurant is discriminating among us due to nationality issue. I was from South Africa and that person was from Australia itself which can be the reason for his higher pay. Therefore, I was feeling low and I also felt certain decline in my self esteem. Depression On the other hand, the situation led to lack of motivation and emotionally breaking. I was not feeling active while performing my work. The issues had a severe impact on my mind and I was feeling depressed but still I tried to work hard and serve well to the guests. In spite of my hard work, I was not paid well. Angry and Annoyed Apart from that, I was feeling angry and annoyed at some point of time but I was not able to release my anger as it would have hit back to me only. Therefore, this situation can be considered as cognitive theory of emotion which suggests that anger is a part of emotion which may arise from different situations and people may sometime are able to show such emotion and sometime they are unable to (Waldron, 2012). Therefore, I was in that particular situation that I was not able to show my emotion about the salary and people discrimination. Frustration On the other side, I also felt bit of frustration as I did not thought at any point of time that I can be discriminated on the basis of salary even if working on the same level with the other employees working as food servers. Apart from that, when such incident aroused and get over, I felt like I am foolish to work in such environment and follow the norms and regulations of the company. On the other hand, I found that there are other employees that belong to other nation and were performing their job effectively without having any hard feelings against other employees or management. Therefore, I felt some calmness that I should concentrate on my job and impress the management with my effort and performance so that they can acknowledge my hard work and contribution in the restaurant. Thus, if overall feeling is to be discussed about the occurred issue, I was disappointed and was not feeling emotionally satisfied with the arrived situation. Evaluation The salary discrimination issue affected me emotionally as I never thought that I would be discriminated on the basis of nationality. The particular situation aroused when I found that an employee belonging from Australia and was just four months experience than me and was getting higher pay around $300. Therefore, initially I was shocked why there is such gap in salary between me and him. I knew that people that have previous experience are bound to receive higher salary but the Australian food server were not experience and was also not performing his job with superiority in comparison to me and other new employees. The person was acting as food server the role which I was also playing. Therefore, we were on the same level. The only difference was the four months gap in the service. On the other hand, I found that the shift manager has a good bond with that employee and due to that he was not questioning on his performance as he usually questions other employee working at similar l evel. Therefore, I strongly felt a case of discrimination which affected me morally and emotionally. Moreover, the restaurant lacked ethical environment where employees were not treated on ethical basis and injustice was done to all other employees that was performing their duties with highest productivity. The organisational theory of ethics focuses on the ethical, discretionary and legal norms in the working environment (Branham, 2012). The theory represents that, a fair play environment has to be developed for each employee working in the organisation so that they can contribute more and feel satisfied with their job and position. Apart from that, the theory highlights on the transparency factor in context of the business practice so that every employee can know the prospect and operation of the organisation (Dillon, Hass and Dillon, 2012). This helps in arranging and coordinating the workers towards the goal of the organisation. On the other hand, if I consider the theory in relation to the situation I witnessed then I found that ethicality was completely sidelined and there was no fair environment and the employees were treated on the basis of nationality. Thus, it affected me and I am sure that it may not be acceptable by other employees too. Moreover, the discrimination in salary due to nationality difference was not at all acceptable and it de-motivated me. Apart from that, transparency factor in the workplace ethics was not also accounted and the employees were not involved in any decision making process which made the employees feel ignored and separated. Therefore, as a result, I and other employees were not able to contribute effectively towards the productivity of the restaurants. On the other side, the theory of workplace ethics requires that the senior manager has to treat all the employees as one unit or as a team without discriminating on the grounds of caste, culture, race, religion or nationality (Ewing, 2012). However, the employees that belonged to other country were not treated. Therefore, it hurt emotionally to those groups of food servers and they felt that they are not treated on the ethical grounds. The employee reacted to the situation as they demanded that they should also be paid equally as Australian workers are paid. The food servers were doing the same job as I was doing but the only difference lied on the discrimination in salary which was not acceptable by the employees. On the other hand, I have known that industries whether it is big or small has to treat equally with all the employees and provide respective support and other attributes so that they can have job satisfaction and strong belief and trust on the approach of the organisation (MacCormack, 2012). However, the management of the restaurant too adopted equal treatment function but only for the Australian employees and not for the employees of other region. This point was too accepted by the employees and they wanted that the restaurant should stop doing such unethical practice and become a good example on following ethical grounds for other businesses. Personal Conclusion or Application The situation that aroused was quite a good learning process for me. I was able to get a chance to have an insight knowledge or understanding of the issue. I found that, if the employees are not treated equally and provided equal salary then it can turn the employees against the behaviour of the company and their management. Therefore, it can affect the image of the company and the society can consider such company as non responsible entity. Moreover, the productivity of the company can decrease and it can lower down the income and sale of the company (Waldron, 2012). As a result, I felt that the people may not prefer to join such company where the employees are not treated evenly. Overall it can affect the image of the company on the basis of ethicality and social responsibility. On the other side, I found that if the workers are treated uniformly then they can be satisfied with their position in the company and can be pleased with their job role (Sun and Zhu, 2012). Further, the em ployees can supply their best effort and feasible environment can be developed where the employees can share their thoughts and views about personal life or about work. On the other hand, if I again fall into such situation again, then I would prefer to leave the organisation or may communicate with the top management about such issue so that issues can be carefully monitored and necessary steps can be taken against the employee that is giving rise to such issues (Oxenstierna et al., 2012). Moreover, I will not keep quiet if I found such experience again I would raise my voice which can benefit the other employees that are affected by the any particular workplace ethical issues. Apart from that, I will seek viewpoints from the employees that are affected by such situation so that their opinions can be sought about what they actually desire from the organisation. Therefore, their viewpoints and my thoughts can be presented towards the top management of the company so that whole situation can be studied by them and better policy can be implemented that can benefit all the employees (MacCormack, 2012). Moreover, from my viewpoint, the support from the employees can be effective in putting forward the viewpoints of the workers so that no one feels that they are not considered while analysing the situation. Therefore, if discrimination issue is to be solved then top management has to regularly monitor the working environment and employees in performing assigned job in order to treat and guide employees on equal level (Caldwell et al., 2012). Apart from that, if I had to adopt other step then I would suggest the management to fire those employee that are ignoring ethical code of conduct so that more healthy work environment can be provided to all employees that belongs to different regions. Thus, I conclude that ethical behaviour is necessary for the growth of the people and the organisations. Recommendations Effective suggestion can be proposed and healthy and sound environment can be developed by thorough analysis of the workplace and the behaviour of employees in performing task.. Therefore, in order to solve the issue that I have faced in my workplace, I have proposed some recommendations that can not only benefit me but also to others, like me that have gone through from similar situation. The behaviour of the employees has to be changed by providing training or coaching so that they can have right thought towards the employee belonging to other regions. The training will not only help in enhancing the behaviour of workers but can be effective in changing the perspective of the workers towards other and they can be able to jell strongly with others. Moreover, it will help in building bonding with employees and they can share their feelings and opinions that will be useful in developing feasible environment. On the other hand, the company may need to develop effective policy for emplo yees so that no employees fall into unfair means and feel satisfied with their role in the organisation. The code of conduct has to be set so that guidelines can be followed and expected engagement from the employees can be received. The employment equity policy can be useful that can ensure that employees are treated equally and if any discrimination is enforced then strict action can be taken to that person like firing from the organisation or changing their job role. Apart from that, employees working on equal level have to be provided same level of salary so that they do not feel that they are cheated. Moreover, the company has to hire the manager that can lead the team as one unit without undertaking any discriminating factors. Therefore, it will help the employees to trust the manager and follow their guidelines and direction. The theory related to workplace ethics training can be useful in engaging the workers and addressing any ethical dilemma occurs in the working place. Therefore, an ethical environment can be formed for the workers and they can highly contribute towards the growth of the organisation. Apart from that, the theory of workplace learning can be effective in enhancing the workplace environment and the employees can learn how to perform their task in impressive as well as productive way. On the other side, the employees can be able to handle the situation without seeking to consult with the senior management. Therefore, the chances of conflict can be minimized and more effective atmosphere can be formed. The workplace learning will teach the employees to build a good rapport with the employees of different regions and seek experience from each other. References Branham, L. (2012). The 7 Hidden Reasons Employees Leave. New York: AMACOM. Caldwell, C., Floyd, L., Atkins, R. and Holzgrefe, R. (2012). Ethical Duties of Organizational Citizens: Obligations Owed by Highly Committed Employees. Journal of Business Ethics, 110(3), pp.285-299. De Roeck, K. and Delobbe, N. (2012). Do Environmental CSR Initiatives Serve Organizations Legitimacy in the Oil Industry? Exploring Employees Reactions Through Organizational Identification Theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 110(4), pp.397-412. de Vries, G., Jehn, K. and Terwel, B. (2011). When Employees Stop Talking and Start Fighting: The Detrimental Effects of Pseudo Voice in Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(2), pp.221-230. Dillon, M., Hass, L. and Dillon, M. (2012). The ontology of becoming. Athens: Ohio University Press. Ewing, A. (2012). The morality of punishment. Abingdon [England]: Routledge. MacCormack, P. (2012). Posthuman ethics. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. McShane, L. and Cunningham, P. (2011). To Thine Own Self Be True? Employees Judgments of the Authenticity of Their Organizations Corporate Social Responsibility Program. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(1), pp.81-100. OXENSTIERNA, G., ELOFSSON, S., GJERDE, M., MAGNUSSON HANSON, L. and THEORELL, T. (2012). Workplace Bullying, Working Environment and Health. Industrial Health, 50(3), pp.180-188. Robinson, S., Robertson, J. and Curtis, M. (2011). The Effects of Contextual and Wrongdoing Attributes on Organizational Employees Whistleblowing Intentions Following Fraud. Journal of Business Ethics, 106(2), pp.213-227. Stoian, C. and Zaharia, R. (2012). CSR development in post-communist economies: employees' expectations regarding corporate socially responsible behaviour - the case of Romania. Business Ethics: A European Review, 21(4), pp.380-401. Sun, Y. and Zhu, N. (2012). Study on Assessment of High Temperature and Humidity in Working Environment on Human Health. AMR, 610-613, pp.739-742. Waldron, V. (2012). Communicating emotion at work. Cambridge: Polity.

How Great a Threat Did the Revolts in Hungary free essay sample

How Great a Threat Did the Revolts in Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968) Present to Soviet Control of Eastern Europe? By Tallied How great a threat did the revolts in Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968) present to soviet control of Eastern Europe? The Czechoslovakian and Hungarian revolts both provided major issues and threats for the soviet control in Eastern Europe. However these were not the only threats, another, and the most significant threat, being the East German problem.The soviets struggled to deal with each case, and therefore took dealt with each scenario individually. The Hungarian revolt of 1 956 happened due to the Hungarian population being fed up of a communist regime and many heard that Poland was gaining more freedom therefore they wanted this as well. Not only this but the government used brutal oppression and had the secret police to implement their policies. After a week of protests the government fled and was replaced by Nagy whom promised radical changes but when he announced that Hungary was going to leave the Warsaw pact the soviets reacted. We will write a custom essay sample on How Great a Threat Did the Revolts in Hungary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The red army was sent across the borders and thought against Nags supporters however they were defeated and Nagy was hanged. This provided a threat to soviet control as if one state was seen to be separating from the Warsaw pact and therefore seemingly becoming independent of soviet influence then this may have caused a revolution amongst Eastern Europe. This would leave the soviets completely isolated and obviously would not have gained much support from the people in Russia.However one positive from the revolts is that the west refused to interfere when asked by Nagy therefore this would make Eastern countries question uprisings. Obviously this was a major problem for the USSR however the East German problem was a far greater wreath. The Czechoslovakian revolt was the lowest threat for the JARS at the time. The Czech wanted more freedom from soviet control and felt that communism hadnt taken the country forward.As a result protests began to occur within the country to try and cause the government to make more democratic and capitalist reforms. These protests instigated the movement of the red army to overpower the uprisings but unlike Hungary there were no casualties. The Czechoslovakian revolt was a problem for the Soviets as it showed that capitalist influence was slowly creeping into the East and that minimally with the Hungarian revolt this could instigate a capitalist uprising in the East thereby annihilating the soviets sphere.Not only this but it influenced the thought of neighboring countries and made them question whether they wanted to be in a capitalist regime. As a result of the revolt the Brethren doctrine was produced which stopped countries leaving the Warsaw pact and limited any form of independence from the USSR. However some may argue that this in itself weakened sovi ets power in the east as completely restricted any form of independence which therefore led to the splitting of the soviet bloc later on.

Svenska Handelsbanken Case Analysis free essay sample

Customer-orientation (Christian, to provide live example) Autonomy (elaine, to provide live example from her own company to support this point). 3. What does this tell us about the key sources for success of ANY decentralized business? empowerment/autonomy (control responsibility down to branch) foster the competition among decentralized units. use KPI to closely monitor the performance of decentralized units. Shared value amongst all branches. systematic support from head office for all units. ( ) 4. What are the challenges that Lars Kahnlund faces in this particular organization, in his efforts to drive change and accelerate growth? alance the culture of autonomy and directive approach. =gt; branch has strong motivation to control its own product and service. =gt; from perspective of entire company, new competitive products may be also needed. really hard to control the decentralized unit, because there are so many branches out there and structure is so flat. how would he get his strategy executed effectively and efficiently ? how can we keep them in order ? too many culture in different areas, so he needs to take care culture conflicts. We will write a custom essay sample on Svenska Handelsbanken Case Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page resistance from employees is expected. (elaborate on this later, including the perservative culture)

The Temper Tantrums Children And Young People Essay Essay Example

The Temper Tantrums Children And Young People Essay Essay Example The Temper Tantrums Children And Young People Essay Essay The Temper Tantrums Children And Young People Essay Essay Mothering is the interaction manner of female parent with her kids. A female parent should be patient and good hearer. She should maintain herself cool in negative fortunes. She should her kid at every measure. She should be responsible for demands and properties of her kid. She should take involvement in the activities of her kid. It will convey positive alterations in her kid ( Freud, 1946 ) . Fathering is a large duty. Father is a function theoretical account for his kid. Child observes the behaviour of his male parent and imitates it. He has to take the duty of his kid s every demand like nutrient, shelter, vesture and instruction. He should affection and love towards his kid. Small words of grasp and encouragement can develop the assurance of kid ( Runkel, 2008 ) . 1. Temper fits Temper fits are really ambitious. If a yearling is going fit so seek to deviate his attending. Try to prosecute him in another activity and give him picks. A day-to-day everyday agenda can be established with regular feeding, sleeping and drama times. It will ensue a happy and developed behaviour. 2. Potty preparation Children might oppose enamored preparation. But female parent should non implement him enamored sitting but she should maintain herself unagitated. Sleep affects enamored preparation session. Mother should take attention about his slumber. She should put their timing by bound nutrient and imbibe 2 hours before bed.She should promote for a enamored trip before slumber. Bullying is violent behavior that can be verbal or physical. Boys show strong-arming behavior largely by physical actions like forcing, kicking or hitting. While girls engage in verbal intimidation. Parents can assist their striplings cover with the common issue of strong-arming by following these guidelines: Parent should understand the state of affairs and earnestness of intimidation. Parents must acknowledge initial behaviour that led to strong-arming. Parents should utilize suited schemes harmonizing to the nature of kid. Parent should educate their kid about strong-arming that is non accepted behaviour and they must avoid it. Parent should learn their kids to get by emphasis. Physical exercising, disbursement clip in playing or disbursement clip in the company of nature can get by emphasis ( Campbell, 2005 ) . In limited caretaking parents are primary caretaker and expansive parents have limited connexion with their expansive kids. Grandparents can non affect in the instruction of their grandchildren. They can non look into their school records. But in nonvoluntary caretaking expansive parenting, expansive parents are primary attention taker. They have full-time detention over them and responsible for their every affair. Grandparents have positive impacts on the life of grandparents. They change their life manner and built up positive character of their grandchildren. Grandchildren become cognizant of covering with different fortunes of life without parents. They behave as responsible individual and go more disciplined. They did non experience entirely but being loved and experience satisfied. Grandparents told them past narratives and about their traditions and cultural values and they become cognizant of cultural values. Due to positive attitude towards life, they take involvement in surveies and demo good public presentation in surveies. Due to these positive impacts of grandparents on the life of grandchildren, parent should include them to act upon their kid s life. National Extension Parent Education Model provides research based information about parenting. It improves rearing accomplishments. It assists parents to care themselves foremost. By caring themselves, their stress degree will diminish which will diminish spread between parent. And close relationship brings assurance in kid. It enables the parents to understand the behaviour of their kids by observation. Parents understand the demands of their kids by their behavioural cues. It enables the parents to steer and train their kids efficaciously. Consistency in counsel drama important function in the development of kid. It makes the parents to foster their kid which brings positive results and increase their degree of competency. It patterns the parents to actuate their kids which provides chances to pupils to larn more and more. And they develop intellectually and go antiphonal. Poverty refers to economic adversities and run intoing the basic demands of life. It impacts both parents and kids. It resists parents to go good parents. It increases the stress degree of parents which result into bad attitude towards kids. It may take to child maltreatment. It effects physical wellness of kids due to deficient money. When they do non run into their basic demands, they effects psychologically and demo mental and behavioural jobs. It lowers down the educational results of kids. Education of kid is combined duty of parents and kids. Parents can back up their kids in the schoolroom in many ways. They meet the instructors face-to-face on regular footing to about the advancement of their kid. They should seek their degree best to go to school s field trips and concerts. It send a message that they take attention about the instruction of their kid. There are following two outside resources to back up your household: Parents should move as instructor. They should steer their household members. It is their duty to supply medical services to their household. Divorce is a drab determination. It breaks down a household bond and effects the kids both psychologically and emotionally. Parental loss is major consequence. Child feels alienated and become victim of anxiousness and depression. He has to confront many jobs in school. He is teased by his equal group. Furthermore, he has to confront fiscal jobs sometimes. Parents can meet move the negativeness and back up their kids in following manner: societal support by parents can assist them to follow positive attitude towards life. Parents have to do their kids to confront multiple state of affairss in school and how to get by with them. Take a calendar and put your clip agenda for whole twenty-four hours forenoon to dark. Avoid wastage of clip from forenoon to eventide. Then follow your clip tabular array. It will heighten the lives of their kids. Parents should themselves in kid s school maps like field trips and concert. As, it send a message that they take attention about their kids. Overweight see organic structure weight with regard to personify composing or tallness. Overweight kids have opportunities of sever fleshiness in maturity. Overweight leads to serious physiological wellness jobs. It affects mental development of kids and do psychological jobs like anxiousness. It involves high hazard of asthma, cardiovascular diseases like high blood force per unit area and high cholesterin. It leads to musculoskeletal and fatty liver upset. It causes orthopaedic jobs and agitation during slumber. Fat accretion resists insulin production and cause diabetes. Parents can assist their kids in following ways: They should do their kids to follow healthy life manner by altering their eating wonts. They should develop their modus operandi with maximal physical activities to fire their Calories. It may include athleticss or merely playing. They should allow them avoid saccharides and debris nutrient. They should allow them eat fresh fruits and vegetable alternatively of jammed juices. Physical disable kids are really sensitive. It is great undertaking for parent to manage them positively. Parents can assist their kid in different Fieldss of life in many ways. Parents should follow positive attitude towards their kids. They should take them as load. It will increase their hurting and agonies. They should seek to understand their jobs and assist them in happening solution of these jobs. Like other kids, pick devising is a great and hard undertaking for them. Parents should steer and assist them in this concern. They should allow them emotional support in schoolroom activities. They should promote them. It will convey assurance and positive acquisition results. They should learn the equal group their disable kid to offer their assist their aid respectfully and may non damage their self-respect socially. They should measure their kids to seek originative ways to affect physical disable kid to different drama activities. For illustration, it is easy for disable kid to play with blocks on a tabular array with his equal group, sitting on his wheel chair. Adopted parents may confront many frights and natural insecurities after following a kid. Adopted kid besides feels disaffection and anxiousness due to loss of their biological parents. Some kids feel wonder about their familial history, which will make confusion and misgiving towards their parents. It will take down their degree of self-esteem. Adopted parents can assist them in their grudges for their separation from their biological parents. They should state him about his familial history and assist him to happen their individuality. It will develop trust on adoptive parents and set up good relationship and raise their degree of self-pride. Some of this information has been taken from Caught in the center: Protecting the kids of high-conflict divorce. Because it manages the detention instance of contested kid and evaluate parent kid relationship and parenting accomplishments efficaciously. There is assortment of child attention plan due to different school of idea. There are many positive effects of s quality child care plan. High quality child care plans in childhood lead to academic success in following life. While hapless parent s kid can non vie them in academic public presentation. By effectual schemes, kids show positive behavioural alteration. It besides leads to intellectual development a kid. You can convert parents that your plan is ideal childcare plan by informing them about your high aim for rational and behavioural development of a kid, effectual programs to accomplish your aims, and its positive effects. Parents frequently wish that a rearing manual came with their kids. A it suggests that they are member of their kid s schoolroom. An appropriate parenting theoretical account which is suited for every societal category, race and cultural group convey to parents that your schoolroom is tolerant, supportive and promoting to all households.

Low carb better than low fat to prevent cardiac disease Assignment

Low carb better than low fat to prevent cardiac disease - Assignment Example ed, parallel-group trial with the aim of examining the effects of low-carbohydrate in comparison to the effects of a low-fat diet on body weight and CVD" (Bazzano et al., 2014, p. 308). The participants included representatives of all populations and observation were made for a period of twelve months. In the previous studies either the participants failed to complete the study, had low participation, involved small size, failed to examine the effect of low-carbohydrate on weight reduction or did not take into consideration the population diversity. However, the present clinical trial involved examination of the effect of low-carbohydrate diets on weight loss, included black members that were previously ignored and had high completion rate of eighty percent and the sample size relatively bigger (Bazzano et al., 2014). Therefore, the outcome of the investigation was more accurate and convincing. Consumption of diet with low-carbohydrate results to a reduction of weight and CVD risk factors compared to low-fat diets. The low-carbon and low-fat diets use contribute to decline of plasma glucose, blood sugar, creatinine and serum insulin levels in an uniform fashion among the diverse population of the participants (Bazzano et al., 2014). Therefore, persons intending to lose weight or reduce CVD risk factors can decide to consume a diet with low-carbohydrate as opposed to low-fat diets. Furthermore, the policy makers can plan on policy intervention applicable to diverse groups in the United States as opposed to using of different policies for various groups since similar foods have same effects on diverse populations. The study is of significance to the research centers because it has increased knowledge about effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on reduction of weight and CVD risk factors. The health caregivers can comfortably recommend the use of low-carbohydrate diet s to people with obesity for reducing weight and CVD risk factors There has been a major

Business Intelligence Report (BIR) about the company's management Essay

Business Intelligence Report (BIR) about the company's management practices - Intorduction and Conclusion - Essay Example Whole Food Market had been experiencing heavy rise in profits since Jan 2001. The hard work of its team members and strong leadership at the helm of affairs helped the company prosper. Whole Foods products include only natural and organic products. These products include everything from produce, bakery items, cheese, coffee, meat, seafood, body products, supplements, wine, floral, house hold cleaning products and pet products. Their marketing is being taken care by a team of 45 proficient marketers and the employee pool is a rich in expertise and a diverse pool. All in all, Whole food has a solid ensemble in all areas of its management. Organization Structure 2. Organizational Structure The Organizational Structure section can include a chart but should include an explanation of the company's organizational structure and how that impacts the company's performance. Whole Foods Market depends on organizational structure to ensure performance that would impact employees and customers. S ince January 2001 Whole Food Market has experienced increase in sales, profits, and stock prices. The success of the company has flourished from the hard work of team members and strong leadership throughout the company.

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Compare and contrast - Essay Example For the third paragraph, it talks about the comparison and contrast of the form. The form is the description of what can be seen in the painting such as the color, geometric forms, lines, contrast of dark and light colors. It talks more on the appearance of whatever that can be seen within the artwork. For the last paragraph, it talks about the feeling of the writer about the paintings. The painting entitled â€Å"The Last Supper† was originally painted in the 15th century by Leonardo da Vinci during the Renaissance period. It is a piece of artwork painted directly on a wall in Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan with a measurement of 450 by 870 centimeters or 15 feet by 29 feet. Leonardo da Vinci painted the mural on a dry wall which means that it is not a true fresco. He sealed the stone wall with a layer of pitch, gesso and mastic then paint onto the sealing layer with tempera or in a permanent fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium. In the year 1518 to 1594, Jacobo Tintoretto painted his own version of â€Å"The Last Supper† in San Giorgo Maggiore, Venice. He painted on oil on canvass with a measurement of 12 feet by 18 feet, 8 inches. The paintings painted by da Vinci and Tintoretto are a group of people in a room particularly Jesus Christ and his twelve disciples. In Tintoretto’s painting there are other people that can be seen such as the servers and many flying images on the both sides of the top but in da Vinci’s painting only the portraits of Jesus and his disciples or apostles. Both of the paintings portray the reaction shown by each apostle when Jesus said that one of them would betray him. The effect of his words leads them to a visible response. All of the twelve apostles have different reactions to the news, with different levels of anger and shock. In da Vinci’s painting, he grouped the apostles into four groups of three united by their posture and gesture, with Jesus in

Examining How Police Respond To Rape Allegations Criminology Essay

Examining How Police Respond To Rape Allegations Criminology Essay This briefing paper contains detailed information relating to police response to rape, it assesses whether things have improved in order to prevent rape or to help rape victims. Rape victims have different beliefs about the police response to rape cases based on what they believe to be discrimination. The main reason behind concealing rape incidents and not reporting to police service is the uncontrollable distrust of police as believed by the people based on the consumption that police officers are not able to provide support and protection. Another vital reason is the unsympathetic and harsh investigations which are currently carried out by police officers, which carry out a heavy trauma to rape victims, as they get questioned in a way that gives them the feeling of being the rapist not the victim. However these are not the only reasons why rape victims tend to conceal rape incidents to police. What is rape Rape in English law, was defined as; a penis entering a vagina, an anus or a mouth. Derived from Sexual Offences Act 2003 (c.42, S1) (see appendix5). Rape includes various types, under different circumstances such as; Date rape, Marital rape, Gang rape, Acquaintance rape, Spousal rape, Ancestral rape, Statutory rape, Institution rape, Communal rape, Male rape, Stranger rape and Revenge rape. Background There are numerous beliefs and wrong attitudes related to rape, which have been accompanied with us for centuries. By looking at myths, such as women ask for it, is an example from a past perception which had various negative effects on the victims. Present myths and attitudes developed from the English Common Law system which had its roots from the Bible. In early recorded history, rape was a way which a wife could be obtained. Bride Capture, as it was termed, occurred when a man raped a woman and then was able to take her to be his wife. Rape was always defined in relation to marriage, and marriage was considered as an exchange of property, however, this is not the case nowadays, where a wife is not considered to be an object to obtain anymore. In 1975, Susan Brownmillers Against Our Will, illustrated extensive awareness to the matter of rape by examining the historical and cultural perspective in which women rape existed. The ten years following publication of this book witnessed large increases in public awareness of sexual violence as well as in the parliament, as new laws were introduced in order to prevent rapes, and the introduction of the marital rape. In 1980 the child sexual abuse was recognised, therefore, improvements to police response was vital, in order to prevent child sexual abuse, using the medias help in creating awareness. Analysis (both positive and negative aspects) There are various approaches to methods used by police in reaction and response to rape. Negative approach to rape is very common within the contemporary society, as media plays an extremely vital role in order to convey up the idea of negative aspects on the Police Service. A negative police response can compound the trauma suffered by a rape victim, making it less likely that she will decide to proceed with legal action and a strong possibility that her experience will deter others from even making the initial police contact in similar circumstances. If for no other reason, it is in the overall interests of law enforcement for the police to act in ways that are consistent with promoting the victims emotional well-being. (Jordan, 2001b, p75). According to Home Office 2008-2009 (see the graph in Appendix1) only 25% of recorded crimes of sexual violence have been brought to Justice, this illustrates that 75% of recorded rape cases are disregarded by Police Service, which confirms the negative aspects illustrated by the media. However in 2007-2008 only 22% of recorded crimes of sexual violence have been brought to justice, this exemplifies that there has been some improvements (3% Change) in the service within a year. Attrition; is the development process by which rape cases are withdrawn from legal process, therefore, they do not result in a criminal conviction. Some would argue that the first point of attrition is the failure to report the crime to the police service; this can be due to the lack of trust in the police service or fear of the offender. The graph (see Appendix2) revealed by BBC in 2010, based on Sterns review on rape convictions and attritions shows that 74% of the suspects were not brought to justice because of different reasons, such as not enough evidence, no further action is required, withdraw of victim complaint due to fear of the offender, lack of trust in the service or cultural backgrounds. Judges had also criticized police response in the rape case of a teenager who had been kidnapped, raped and forced to practice prostitution, as they had failed to provide assistance to the teenager when required, due to the lack of efficiency of the police when related to rape crime. (McCormack, H., 2005.). John Worboys case is another case where police was criticized by both members of the public and the media for unenthusiastic response to rape which had many impacts on the victim. In 2009, John Worboys was sentenced to go to prison for an indefinite period, for raping and attacking females in his black cab. In IPPC Report 2008 commissioners stated that lives were ruined in view of the fact that police officers failed to take the incident seriously and grimly, however all the police officers who were involved with this case were disciplined. Therefore to some extent, improvements were made in the form of disciplinary actions, to officers who dont take similar incidents if happened in the future seriously. (BBC., Casciani, D., 2010) In 1980s one in every three complaints of rape ended in a conviction. Today, it is one in twenty this illustrates that instead of improving the response to rape through convicting rapists, rapists are getting away with the offence they have committed (BBC., Geoghegan, T.,2007). Therefore the victims of rape are requesting protection and justice for the trauma they suffered. In result to these negative aspects of the police response to rape, parliament introduced Sexual Offences Investigation Trained Officers (SOIT, also known as Specially Trained Officers) who are fully trained and qualified officers who interview the rape victims in order to reduce the trauma and stress as well as collecting the required evidence without creating big impacts on the victims, as these officers have been trained in psychological effects of the crime. (McVeigh, K., 2010.) However the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) should expand a code of conduct for SOIT officers as there is no current code of conduct to control the actions of the SOITs. The police officers are trying to meet the requirements of male rape victims, however, by not having a database of the SOIT; officers reduce the effectiveness of response to the victims. In the case of a male rape victim, it may require the assistance of a male SOIT, to get the facts of the victim. Currently, it is very difficult to acc ess this data, to be able to request a specific officer in order to provide assistance, which is leading to miscommunication issues. Another development which has occurred in the MPS, is that Sexual Offence Examiners (SOE) were introduced in order to improve the quality of service provided and progress the response to victims of rape, as SOEs are exclusively educated in sexual offence examination. However there is no database of SOE relating to their availability, ethnicity, gender and level of skill which can also cause miscommunication with the victims, by dealing with them without consideration of certain requirements. Thus even though improvements are taken place within the service they are not fully developed to provide good response to the victims of rape. (Metropolitan Police Authority, 2002) Another positive step is made by the Association of Chief Police Officer (ACPO) as it provides guidance for the first response officers on the procedure followed when dealing with a rape report case; which contains clear and beneficial information to the first response officer on the actions to be taken following an initial deployment and scene attendance. Furthermore, in 2009 National Police Improvement Agency, provided briefing notes for the first responder to a rape case, however on the other hand, first response officers are unaware of how to approach victims and take an initial account from them, so this is considered to be a constraining effect. (NPIA., 2009) The interview of the rape victims is key to the investigation in order to provide efficient response to rape victims. A successful investigation is required by police officer and failure to deal with evidential weaknesses can only serve to challenge the victims account and thereby decrease the probability of successful prosecution. The rape reports should be investigated by chief officers in order to obtain reasonable evidence as chief officers are experienced in dealing and responding to any sort of crime including rape. Additionally Police officers are not victim trained in other words officers are unaware of how to response to all types of crimes which causes by response to any sort of crime reporters (victims). However MPS is bringing up measures to tackle rape to take place for instance introducing campaigns such as Police Rape Awareness Campaign which states that drinking is not illegal however rape is illegal (see Appendix4) therefore this is a vital improvement which is curre ntly taking place. Gang rape is a rising problem in United Kingdom, trepidation of the gangs ground the victims to not to conceal rape incidents to the Police service thus this illustrates that Police service is unable to provide protection and justice to rape victims as gang is an criminal thus this shows that Police service do not have good reputation for protection and justice as the issue of gangs are still not solved however minor information was considered by the MPS relating to this problem and to some extend measures are taken place to tackle this crime to provide better response to gang rape victims. (Longstaff, L., 2009) Within the contemporary society police officers are particularly at risk of being misinformed by stereotypes thus this makes them to be suspicious about any complaints they receive from the rape victims especially on victims who are unemotional or look calm. Thus the suspicion reduces the quality of the response provided to the rape victims as the investigation will be conducted in a way to test the explanation of the victim in an insensible and abusive way however this has extremely bad impact as it obstructs the best evidence to be taken from the victim for successful prosecution. The police officers also have the judgement and discretion to record primary information report under the category they think suitable. (Davies, M., 1997, p190-200) In United Kingdom police officers receive very little amount of training in law and practice to do with rape or sexual abuse. For instance Special Constables (voluntary police officers) get basic training of 18 days which doesnt include any knowledge or information relating to sexual offences even though they have the same power as a regular police officer, so this shows that if a special constable needs to deal with an sexual offence they do not have any knowledge of how to respond to rape however within the police service beginner police officers have someone experienced to assist them throughout their probation period for two years therefore police can always request assistance to respond efficiently to rape cases. Â   Conclusions The response of police to rape incidents are improving however these improvement are not at high-quality level to assist rape victims to overcome the trauma and stress the have suffered thus more development and improvements are required to create better environment for all members of the public and especially for rape victims thus the police service must improve their reputation to gain trust of the members of the public by providing better response to all sort of crime and offer protection. Another positive enhancement which can have constructive impact on the rape victims is through introducing a data base program to police officers with the details of SOIT officers and SOEs to supply the needs of these victims. The MPS already have briefing notes and guidance of how to take action while investigating rape incidents on the other hand it is not detailed sufficiently to support officers while dealing with rape incidents effectively therefore improvement on these guidance and briefin g notes will increase the quality of the response by police officers. Nowadays Police officers get basic training on rape response however this basic training does not include victim training which means police officers do not know how to treat or response to rape victims but if this training is added into the basic training then it will be easier on the police officers and the rape victims will receive effective response. Finally the most significant improvement which can occur within the Police Service to tackle unenthusiastic response to rape victims will be through taking the rape cases more seriously and prevent suspicious and unsympathetic investigations by the police officers.

Abortion :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abortion and Govn't   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freedom Of Choice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since 1973 abortion has been an important controversial issue to the United States. The problem begins should it be a woman's choice whether or not to terminate her pregnancy or should it be the governments choice. This is where a woman looses her rights as a person. If abortion is not remained legal woman will start performing them illegally. One third to one half of all pregnancies in the United States end in abortion,2,500 of these abortions will be performed illegally. Although some oppose abortion for being used as a form of birth control,Abortion should remain legal because it is a woman's choice and protects the privacy of an individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some teenagers and woman abuse abortion as a form of birth control. Many woman have used legal abortions as a drastic form of contraception, due to carelessness or ignorance of better methods. Abortion should remain legalized for the fact that if it's not kept legal many women perform illegal abortions. This is such as self abortion methods which are even more dangerous; these included are lye, Lysol, iodine douches, as well as self inserted catheters, knitting needles an goose quills. When women lose their right to choose abortion they may start performing them illegally. This may do serious harm to the mother and her body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abortion is a woman's choice. Woman accepted the definition that a woman's prime role was as wife and mother and control of ones own body. Once they had choices about life roles, they came to feel they had the right to choose abortion to run their own life's. Any woman should have the ability to choose when to have a child in their marital and sexual freedom. Many woman

Social Injustice’s of Women in India

Violations Against Women in India Women all over the world are affected by social injustice. In many countries rules and laws have been put in place to ensure the equal treatment of women. Although these laws and rules have not kept things perfect they have helped to maintain a balance between men and women. This work towards equality does not function the same in all countries. There are still places where women are beaten, raped, and murdered without so much as a second thought. Some of these places even have rules in place to prevent these practices, but they are frequently overlooked. India is one of these places. A place that is both progressive on paper and in some urban areas but are also far behind in practice and in rural communities. What progress has already been made to protect women in India and what still needs to be done to ensure the equal treatment of women in all areas of India? According to the International Violence Against Women Act on Amnesty International’s site, â€Å"Violence against women and girls represents a global health, economic development, and human rights problem. At least one out of every three women worldwide has been beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime, with rates of domestic violence reaching 70% in some countries. † This abuse of women and their rights is something more developed countries are taking very seriously. Over 7,000 women in India will be murdered by their family or their husband’s family because of arguments about dowries. â€Å"Violence against women is rooted in a global culture of discrimination which denies women equal rights with men and which legitimizes the appropriation of women's bodies for individual gratification or political ends. Every year, violence in the home and the community devastates the lives of millions of women. † (Amnesty). The study of why and how women are treated they way they have been is a fairly recent study. Purkayastha explains when this study arose, â€Å"The contemporary study of gender in India arose within a specific sociohistorical context: the establishment of a nation-state in 1947 after two centuries of British colonialism† (Purkayastha , 504). A long time ago in India men and women were prescribed equal status but as time progressed, through medieval times of great inequalities between men and women to the present days of equal rights. In an opening verse of the Apastamba Sutra from around 4 BCE, quoted and translated on Amnesty International, it is stated that, â€Å"the primary duty of women is enjoined to be service to one’s husband. † Originally in ancient India women were looked at as equals. They were free to choose their own husbands at a mature age and maintained equal status in most areas of life. Shortly after this period of equality the number of equalities that existed between men and women began to diminish. Invasions as well as Christianity were contributors to the decline of equal rights for women. As the medieval period came around in India conditions for women continued to get worse. Sati, when a woman throws herself on her husband’s funeral pyre, child marriages, and the ban of women remarrying became the norm for Indian women. Polygamy in the Hindu tradition became more mainstream, as well as the sexual exploitation of temple women. While all of these hardships for women existed there also existed a small counterforce of women who surpassed men in areas like religion, education and politics. Sikhism also provided women with an opportunity for more rights and greater equality. One of the main messages of the Sikhs being equality between men and women especially during worship, for example when singing, being active members of the community, marriage equality, Baptismal equality, and even the opportunity to lead armies. According to Amnesty International â€Å"Violence against women is rampant in all corners of the world. Such violence is a human rights violation that manifests itself in a number of ways, including: violence against women in custody, acid burning and dowry deaths, â€Å"honor† killings, domestic violence, female genital mutilation, human rights violations based on actual or perceived sexual identity, gender based asylum, and the problem of impunity† (Amnesty). These violations against women exist all over the world especially in less progressive areas, such as third world countries, one of these countries being India. Violations against women in prison go largely unnoticed because these are things that happen behind closed doors and are mostly invisible to the public. Things like rape, groping during body searches, shackling during childbirth, and sexual assault are all common practices that have existed within in prisons in India. Sexual favors and lack of physical and psychological care are also major issues in many female correctional facilities. Another previously common social injustice against women in India is acid burning and dowry deaths. Jejeebhoy explains how keeping women in the dark is a way of expelling control, â€Å"Evidence of the limited control that Indian women exercise over their own lives is increasingly documented. Recent studies underscore their limited control over material and other resources, their restricted access to knowledge and information, their constrained authority to make independent decisions, their enforced lack of physical mobility, and their inability to forge equitable power relationships within families (Basu 1992; Visaria 1996; Jejeebhoy 2000). The role of men as gatekeepers enforcing this status quo is implicitly recognized, and, particularly since the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994, the need to involve men in working for greater gender equity has been widely expressed† (Jejeebhoy, 299). An interview with a traveler to India, who experienced some direct encounters of female injustice and its current practice, was conducted. Devin Anderson a senior at the University of Iowa experienced accounts of female inequality and degradation through members of his Knolls group when studying in India. Interviewer: When you were in India where did you travel? DEVIN: I backpacked mostly in the Himalayan Mountains and in nearby rural villages. INTERVIEWER: While you traveled in these villages did you witness or experience any inequalities between the women and men? DEVIN: In many of the villages I visited the men and the women both held specific roles, ones that were part of their society, part of their way of living. Most of the duties that these roles implied were based on gender. I had also witnessed some inequality between the two genders. Like one day we went to a restaurant type place in one of the larger rural villages we were visiting, and while we were there some of the women in my group went to go order some food. The men who were there to take orders blatantly ignored their requests and waited for one of the men in our group to order for them. Women were apparently not allowed to speak or order for themselves and the men there actually seemed a little offended that these women had even tried. INTERVIEWER: What were some of the duties the women had versus the men? DEVIN: Typical things that many people think of when it comes to older American practices. Things like the men would tend to the animals and slaughter them for the meals. Women were expected to look after the children, cook, and tend to the house. INTERVIEWER: Do you think major inequalities like these exist all over India? DEVIN: No, many women in India have jobs and lives all their own, especially in urban areas. Unfortunately in many rural areas many inequalities still exist. There are four main practices that can still be found in practice in rural areas even with the ban that exists on them. These four practices are sati, jauhar, purdah, and devadasis. Sati is a rather old practice where a widow throws herself on her husband’s funeral pyre. This practice was abolished in 1829 but there have still been reported cases in India. Jauhar is the practice of burning the living wives and even daughters of warriors who had been defeated. This was supposed to be a voluntary act meant to prevent the capture and rape by the enemy. This practice has not officially been banned in India. Purdah is a practice that is still common all over India. It is the act of requiring women to keep their bodies covered in order to disguise their form. The practice of purdah is not religious like most believe and the extent to which a woman must be covered is decided by whichever group has imposed the idea. The last drastic social injustice against women in India is devadasis. This is the marrying of a woman to a certain deity or temple. Later during the medieval period it became common for men to engage in the sexual exploitation of these women. Much of the violence and rights violations that women in India experience, come from the home. Jejeebhoy explains, â€Å"In most of India, in both north and south and among both Hindus and Muslims, the family is mainly patriarchal, patrilocal, and patrilineal. The country has long been known for in egalitarian gender relations (Altekar 1962; Karve 1965). Women are defined as inferior; husbands are assumed to â€Å"own† women, and to have the right to dominate them. In egalitarian gender relations deny women a decision-making role in family matters, inhibit them from moving about freely, prevent their access to material resources, and expose them to violence in the household† Jejeebhoy, 300). The limitations that are imposed on women are what help to keep them down. By keeping women down they are kept from knowing anything different, anything that will help them to become equal, protected people. Since India has become independent women are allowed to be a part of almost all public aspects of life. Areas like art, politics, science/technology, and education are ju st a few examples of Indian culture that women were not always allowed to be a part of. The fight of women for rights has lead to the government of India to view women as equal. Ray explains, â€Å"Analysis of the various identities through which women are mobilized can- not be complete without the recognition of the increased visibility of women in right wing movements in many parts of the world† (Ray, 51). The Constitution of India actually provides assurance of equal opportunity, pay, and no discrimination. The Indian government now also promotes humane work conditions and time off for maternity leave. Feminism did hit India, in a smaller way than in the United States and more than a decade later. Ray explains that the written word is what helped spread feminism and activism, â€Å"Literature on women's activism has shown that women are mobilized not only as women but also as mothers, workers, peasants, and citizens. Initially, scholars focused on interests, specifically whether such a thing as â€Å"women's interests† could be identified. More recently the focus has been on identities, specifically how identities mobilize women† (Ray, 48-49). A case of rape of a young girl in a police station kicked off several protests in the late 70s. This led to the formation of many NGOs that supported women’s rights and help feminism ideas spread to more rural communities. The formation of these NGOs also gave recognition to the overall lack in education and economic development for Indian women. The initial lack of technology and capitalism kept Indian women marginalized for a long time. It was not until India began to â€Å"Westernize† that women began to mobilize. Ray states, â€Å"The representatives of the first position argue that a rise in the levels of urbanization, industrialization, and education leads to an increase in women's mobilization (Chafetz & Dworkin 1986, Margolis 1993; for a critique see Basu 1995, Papanek 1993). It has become increasingly evident that this focus on the spread of capital- ism, or on general processes of urbanization, industrialization, and education obscures rather than illuminates the processes that shape women's movements† (Ray, 52). Globalization has also played a major role in India’s development and progress with women’s rights. After the spread of technology and women in third world countries were able to see and hear about the progress women had been making in other countries they themselves were able to rise up an organize. According to Ganguly-Scrase, â€Å"Globalization has and continues to have differential impacts on men and women (Basu 1995; Bergeron 2001; Freeman 2001; Oza 2001; Walby 2000). Since the mid- 1980s, India has pursued a policy of economic liberalization, which was a dramatic reversal of earlier policies of protecting domestic industrial capital. It has been argued that the privatization of public sector enterprises, reduction in public sector investment, and lower government expenditure on poverty eradication pro- grams have not served the interests of women† (Ganguly-Scrase, 545). Although India is behind in its literacy rate for women and there are fewer women enrolled in school compared to men, it does not mean the opportunity is not there. Ray states, â€Å"There currently exist two conceptualizations of conditions under which women mobilize. These conditions are either structural and universal or historically and locationally specific, with local variations obstructing or facilitating the specific forms of women's movements† (Ray, 52). Many families, especially in more rural communities, keep older traditions. Traditions where the women’s roles are to take care of their families and husbands and literacy and education are not primary concerns. There has been progress made towards achieving more equality among the number of girls and boys who attend and finish school. Organizations have been put into place to educate the people in rural communities in India. For many years the women of India have been mistreated and abused. These blatant violations of women’s rights have been swept under the carpet even after the Constitution was amended and India declared its independence from Great Britain. These feats and more have pushed the development of human rights for women in India, but there is still progress to be made. The way women have been and continue to be treated is a concern that women and men all over the world must face and work to correct. Until we recognize that not all places are as well off as we are, the injustices cannot be set right. Works Cited Amnesty International. â€Å"Women's Human Rights. † Amnesty International USA. Amnesty International, 2001. Web. 11 April 2010. Ganguly-Scrase, Ruchira. â€Å"Paradoxes of Globalization, Liberalization, and Gender Equality: The Worldviews of the Lower Middle Class in West Bengal, India. † Gender and Society 17. 4 (2003): 544-566. Web. 2 Apr 2010. Jejeebhoy, Shireen J. â€Å"Convergence and Divergence in Spouses' Persoectives on Women's Autonomy in Rural India. Studies in Family Planning 33. 4 (2002): 299-308. Web. 9 Apr 2010. Moursund, Anne. â€Å"Individual and Community Effects of Women's Education and Autonomy on Contraceptive Use in India. † Population Studies 57. 3 (2003): 285-301. Web. 2 Apr 2010. Purkayastha, Bandana. â€Å"The Study of Gender in India: A Partial Review. † Gender and Society 17. 4 (2003): 503-524. Web. 9 Apr 2010. Ray, R. , and A. C. Korteweg. â€Å"Women's Movements in the Third World: Identity, Mobilization, and Autonomy. † Annual Review of Sociology 25. (1999): 47-71. Web. 9 Apr 2010.

Animal Abuse and Youth Violence Essays

Animal Abuse and Youth Violence Essays Animal Abuse and Youth Violence Essay Animal Abuse and Youth Violence Essay Although legal definitions of animal abuse vary, it is a crime in every State, and many States have enacted laws establishing certain forms of cruelty to animals as felony offenses. The forms of abuse to which animals may be subjected are similar to the forms of abuse children experience, including physical abuse, serious neglect, and even psychological abuse. It has been said that violence begets violence, but what do we know about the nature of the relationship between the abuse of animals and aggressive behavior towards human beings? This paper describes psychiatric, psychological, and criminal research linking animal abuse to violence perpetrated by juveniles and adults. Particular attention is focused on the prevalence of cruelty to animals by children and adolescents and to the role of animal abuse as a possible symptom of conduct disorder. In addition, the motivations and etiology underlying the maltreatment of animals are thoroughly reviewed. The abuse of sentient creatures demands our attention. The research includes recommendations to curb such cruelty, while providing information for additional resources concerned with violence perpetrated against animals and people. It is my hope that the information that this paper offers will contribute to reducing both forms of violence. Introduction: The past two decades have witnessed a resurgence of interest in the relation between cruelty to animals, or animal abuse, and serious violent behavior, especially among youthful offenders. As an illustration, a recent study by Verlinden (2000) of 9 school shootings in the United States (from Moses Lake, WA, in 1996 to Conyers, GA, in 1999) reported that 5 (45 percent) of the 11 perpetrators had histories of alleged animal abuse. The well-documented example was the case of Luke Woodham who, in the April before his October 1997 murder of his mother and two schoolmates, tortured and killed his own pet dog (Ascione, 1999). It is argued here that animal abuse has received insufficient attention- in fact, is sometimes explicitly excluded (e. . , Stone and Kelner, 2000)- as one of a number of â€Å"red flags,† warning signs, or sentinel behaviors that could help identify youth at risk for perpetrating interpersonal violence (a relation first noted in the psychiatric literature by Pinel in 1809) and youth who have themselves been victimized. Defining Animal Abuse: All 50 States have legislation relating to animal abuse. Most States categorize it as a misdemeanor offense , and 30 States also have instituted felony-level statutes for certain forms of cruelty to animals. However, legal definitions of animal abuse, and even the types of animals that are covered by these statutes, differ from State to State (Ascione and Lockwood, 2001). The research literature also fails to yield a consistent definition of animal abuse or cruelty to animals; however, the following definition captures features common to most attempts to define this behavior: â€Å"socially unacceptable behavior that intentionally causes unnecessary pain, suffering, or distress to and/or death of an animal† (Ascione, 1993). This definition excludes practices that may cause harm to animals yet are socially condoned (e. . , legal hunting, certain agricultural and veterinary practices). Because the status of a particular animal may vary from one culture to another, the definition takes into account the social contexts that help determine what is considered animal abuse. For the purposes of this review, the animals that are victims of abuse are most often vertebrates because this is t he category of animals to which are attributed the greatest capacity for experiencing and displaying pain and distress. The forms of abuse to which animals may be subjected are parallel to the forms of child maltreatment. Animals may be physically or sexually abused, may be seriously neglected, and, some might argue, may be psychologically abused. Prevalence of Cruelty to Animals by Children and Adolescents: Because cruelty to animals is not monitored systematically in national crime reporting systems, researchers must rely on data from studies in developmental psychology and psychopathology to estimate the prevalence of this problem behavior in samples of youth. A number of assessment instruments that address child behavior problems include a question about cruelty to animals. However, â€Å"cruelty† is not always explicitly defined for the respondent, so it is difficult to determine the exact behaviors that are being reported. Using the Achenbach-Conners-Quay Behavior Checklist (ACQ), Achenbach and colleagues (1991) collected parent or guardian reports of problem behaviors for 2,600 boys and girls ages 4 to 16 who had been referred to mental health clinics and a control group of 2,600 boys and girls of the same age. The no referred children constituted a representative sample of the U. S. opulation, based on ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and place of residence. These children had been screened for the absence of mental health referrals in the past year. The referred children were drawn from 18 mental health clinics across the United States. Potential candidates for inclusion in the non-referred and referred groups were excluded if they were mentally retarded, had a serious physical illness, or had a handicap. One item on the ACQ asks the respond ent whether their child or adolescent has been â€Å"cruel to animals† in the past 2 months. Respondents can answer using the following 4-point scale: 0 = never or not at all true (as far as you know), 1 = once in a while or just a little, 2 = quite often or quite a lot or 3 = very often or very much. In their statistical analysis of individual ACQ items, Achenbach and colleagues noted that cruelty to animals was significantly higher for referred youth, boys, and younger children. There was a relatively low frequency of cruelty to animals in the non-referred sample (0–13 percent) in comparison with the referred sample (7–34 percent). Eighteen to twenty-five percent of referred boys between the ages of 6 and 16 were reported to have been cruel to animals, and the data suggest this item’s incidence has greater stability through childhood and adolescence for boys than for girls. Data on the prevalence of cruelty to animals are also provided in the manuals for the Child Behavior Checklist (CBC), perhaps one of the most widely used checklists for child behavior problems, which is available in separate versions for 2- to 3- year-olds (Achenbach, 1992) and 4- to 18- year-olds (Achenbach, 1991). The cruelty Youth to animals item on the CBC (which uses a â€Å"past 2 months† timeframe for 2- to 3-yearolds and a â€Å"past 6 months† timeframe for 4- to 18-year-olds) is scored on a 3-point scale: 0 = not true (as far as you know), 1 = somewhat or sometimes true, or 2 = very true or often true. Referred and non-referred boys and girls can be compared for each of three age groups. Data on acts of vandalism committed by the two older age groups are included for comparison. Again, cruelty to animals is more often reported for younger children and boys, especially those referred for mental health services. Research also suggests that reported rates of cruelty to animals (for youth ages 4 and older) are higher than or similar to reported rates of vandalism, a problem behavior about which more systematic juvenile crime data are available. Limitations of Adult Reports on Children’s Cruelty to Animals: Both the ACQ and CBC rely on caretakers’ reports, and comparable information from youth’s self-reports of cruelty to animals is not available. The reliance on caretakers’ reports, however, could be problematic because animal abuse may be performed covertly (a characteristic shared with youth vandalism and fire setting) and caretakers may be unaware of the presence of this behavior in their children. Offord, Boyle, and Racine (1991) surveyed a nonclinical sample of 1,232 Canadian parents/guardians and their 12- to 16- year-old boys and girls. They asked respondents (both parents/guardians and adolescents) to report on a number of CD symptoms, based on a 3-point scale identical to the one used with the CBC. This data suggests that parents and guardians may seriously underestimate cruelty to animals, with boys self reporting this behavior at 3. 8 times the rate of parents/guardians and the girls at 7. 6 times the parent/guardian rate. Similar underestimates appear for two other CD symptoms, vandalism and fire setting, that may often be covert and, therefore, unknown to or undetected by parents or guardians. Animal Abuse and Violent Offending: Animal abuse and interpersonal violence toward humans share common characteristics: both types of victims are living creatures, have a capacity for experiencing pain and distress, can display physical signs of their pain and distress (with which humans could empathize), and may die as a result of inflicted injuries. Given these commonalities, it is not surprising that early research in this area, much of it using retrospective assessment, examined percent of the former group reported cruelty to animals compared with 0 percent of the latter. Miller and Knutson (1997) examined self reports of animal abuse by 299 inmates incarcerated for various felony offenses and 308 introductory psychology class undergraduates. The percentages of inmates and undergraduates, respectively, reporting the following types of animal abuse was as follows: â€Å"Hurt an animal? † 16. 4 percent and 9. 7 percent, â€Å"Killed a stray? † 32. 8 percent and 14. 3 percent, and â€Å"Killed a pet? † 12 percent and 3. 2 percent. More recently, Schiff, Louw, and Ascione (1999) surveyed 117 men incarcerated in a South African prison about their childhood animal abuse. Of the 58 men who had committed crimes of aggression, 63. 3 percent admitted to cruelty to animals; of the 59 nonaggressive inmates, the percentage was 10. 5 percent. In a study of 28 convicted, incarcerated sexual homicide perpetrators (all men), Ressler, Burgess, and Douglas (1988) assessed the men’s self-reports of cruelty to animals in childhood and adolescence. Childhood animal abuse was reported by 36 percent of the perpetrators, and 46 percent admitted to abusing animals as adolescents. Thirty-six percent of these men said they had also abused animals in adulthood. In a study by Tingle et al. (1986) of 64 convicted male sex offenders, animal abuse in childhood or adolescence was reported by 48 percent of the rapists and 30 percent of the child molesters. Taken together, these studies suggest that animal abuse may be characteristic of the developmental histories of between one in four and nearly two in three violent adult offenders. Motivations That May Underlie Animal Abuse by Children and Adolescents: Whenever high-profile cases of animal abuse are reported in the media, a common public reaction is to ask: â€Å"Why would someone do that? Burying puppies alive, shooting wild mustangs, setting a dog on fire, beating a petting zoo donkey- these and countless other examples offend the public by their seemingly senseless cruelty. In an effort to better understand this phenomenon, Kellert and Felthous (1985: 1122–1124) interviewed abusers and discovered a number of motivations that may characterize adult cruelty to animals, some of which ma y also be applicable to animal abuse perpetrated by juveniles: To control an animal (i. e. , animal abuse as discipline or â€Å"training†). To retaliate against an animal. To satisfy a prejudice against a species or breed (e. g. , hatred of cats). To express aggression through an animal (i. e. , training an animal to attack, using inflicted pain to create a â€Å"mean† dog). To enhance one’s own aggressiveness (e. g. , using an animal victim for target practice). To shock people for amusement. To retaliate against other people (by hurting their pets or abusing animals in their presence). To displace hostility from a person to an animal (i. e. , attacking a vulnerable animal when assaulting the real human target is judged too risky). To experience nonspecific sadism (i. e. ,enjoying the suffering experienced by the animal victim, in and of itself). Child and adolescent motivations for animal abuse have not been studied as extensively. However, case reports and a youth interview study (using the Cruelty to Animals Assessment Instrument) conducted by Ascione, Thompson, and Black (1997) suggest a number of developmentally related motivations: Curiosity or exploration (i. e. , the animal is injured or killed in the process of being examined, usually by a young or developmentally delayed child). Peer pressure (e. g. , peers may encourage animal abuse or require it as part of an initiation rite). Mood enhancement (e. g. , animal abuse is used to relieve boredom or depression). Sexual gratification (i. e. , bestiality). Forced abuse (i. e. , the child is coerced into animal abuse by a more powerful individual). Attachment to an animal (e. g. , the child kills an animal to prevent its torture by another individual). Animal phobias (that cause a preemptive attack on a feared animal). Identification with the child’s abuser (e. g. a victimized child may try to regain a sense of power by victimizing a more vulnerable animal). Posttraumatic p lay (i. e. , reenacting violent episodes with an animal victim). Imitation (i. e. , copying a parent’s or other adult’s abusive â€Å"discipline† of animals). Self-injury (i. e. , using an animal to inflict injuries on the child’s own body). Rehearsal for interpersonal violence (i. e. , â€Å"practicing† violence on stray animals or pets before engaging in violent acts against other people). Vehicle for emotional abuse (e. g. , injuring a sibling’s pet to frighten the sibling). CD assessments are not usually designed to discover the underlying reasons for a child’s or adolescent’s cruelty to animals, but as with juvenile firesetting (discussed below), understanding motivations may be critical for designing effective intervention strategies. A recent review by Agnew (1998) provides a more extensive treatment of the social-psychological causes of animal abuse. As noted by Ascione and Lockwood (2001), one model that could be used to develop an animal abuse assessment instrument is the approach that has been taken to assess juvenile fire setting. Firesetting shares many features with animal abuse: both are CD symptoms, may reflect developmental changes, may share etiological factors, may often be performed covertly, and may be early sentinels for later psychological problems. Some children may manifest both problem behaviors. Wooden and Berkey (1984) noted the co-occurrence of cruelty to animals in a sample of 69 fire setters ages 4–17: cruelty to animals was reported for 46 percent of 4- to 8-year-olds, 9 percent of 9- to 12-year-olds, and 12 percent of 13- to 17-year-olds. The authors caution that the lower rates for older children and adolescents may be related to the covert nature of this behavior, as children experience greater independence and venture farther from home for more prolonged periods. Sakheim and Osborne (1994) reported similar results with samples of children who set fires and those who did not . Fifty percent of the fire setters’ parents reported that their children had been cruel â€Å"to children or animals,† but only 9 percent of parents of the children who did not set fires reported the same (p